In this lecture we're going to discuss a concept which not many people are very familiar with and that
concept is one of verb's now verbals may sound weird but they're quite simple.
It's just when you take a verb and you transform it into a noun adjective or an adverb.
So to repeat a verbal is when you transform a verb into a noun an adjective or an adverb it's a verb
when a verb becomes not a verb.
OK.
These are rather important because when we're analyzing sentence structure verbs are really one of the
key to unlocking a lot of these sentences.
So you really need to know what is a verb and what is not a verb.
OK.
And there are really four types of balls.
Geralds infinit is present participles and past participles.
OK so let's begin with Jones.
Gerrit's probably the easiest ones to understand because now the form is very simple.
You simply add an I N G to the end of a verb.
So for example eat would become eating Geralds are also easy to understand because by adding the n g
you simply turning the verb into a noun.
So these examples below you can see the sentence.
Eating is my favorite activity.
Eating here is a noun.
It's the act of eating the act of eating is my favorite activity or I like eating.
I like Coca-Cola.
I like French fries.
I like eating.
So all those things and nouns which act as the object of what you like is a quite straightforward.
You had an injury to a verb.
And it can act as a noun.
The second type of verbal is the infinitive.
OK an infinitive is formed by adding two in front of a verb.
So when you say to eat rather than eat you've just transformed a verb into an infinitive.
OK.
And then it is a rather flexible infinitives can act as nouns adjectives or adverbs.
OK so here are some examples just like before I said Eating is my favorite activity.
I can also say to eat is my favorite activity to eat is my favorite activity to eat is a noun.
It's a thing.
It's the thing that is my favorite activity.
OK.
Or how about I'm happy.
Why am I happy.
I'm happy to meet you.
So to meet here.
It's an adverb describing why I'm happy.
Finally I have an example of an inventive as an adjective I need a reason.
OK and to go describes the noun reason I need a reason to go.
Now I'll pause here for a second just to say that you know it's not a big deal to try and distinguish
between nouns adjectives and adverbs.
You don't have to do it as long as you know that infinitives are not verbs and especially you know that
you're especially whether they can be nouns.
The rest of the stuff doesn't really matter.
OK we don't really care usually about the distinction of whether it's an adjective or an adverb.
OK so just remember infinitives when you have a two in front of a verb it's not a verb.
OK.
Next we have present participles.
OK.
Now participle is when you turn a verb into an.
And there are two types.
Present and past.
So we're looking at the present participle first and a present participle is formed by adding I N G
to the end of the verb.
So you'll notice that it's actually the same form as adjourned.
OK you just add an edge to the verb to eat becomes eating.
But in this case rather than being a noun it acts as an adjective.
Some examples here would be don't touch an animal.
Not a sleeping animal not a friendly animal but an eating animal.
Don't touch an eating animal or studying.
Students shouldn't be disturbed when I hear the main sentence is students shouldn't be disturbed.
But I'm just saying what kind of students not sleeving students not Lady students but studying students
studying students shouldn't be disturbed.
Why because they're studying studying describes the students eating describes the animal OK.
So those are present participles.
We also have past participles I can pass his balls are also when you take a verb and turn them into
adjectives.
But they're slightly different.
OK it is slightly different in form and in meaning.
And first of all the past participle is usually formed by adding Eidi to the end of a verb or you know
it could also be an irregular form.
So a regular one to be cook into cooked it looks exactly the same as the past tense of the verb.
But sometimes we have irregular forms such as eat and eat.
I would say eat I ate I had eaten.
OK.
Eat eat eat.
Is the past participle whereas in the case of Cook it's cook cooked cooked.
OK so they do function as adjectives but they're slightly different.
And here's why.
So here we're saying the carrots are cooked so cooked still describes the carrots.
The difference is that it's describing some it was done to the carrots rather than describing what the
carrots are doing.
OK.
And that makes sense if you think about it doing is an eye injury word where is done is the path participle.
So if you're doing something you use a present participle It's something is done to it use the past
participle.
OK so I prefer cooked carrots.
This is an eaten apple.
It's not a it's not a natural it's an eat Nabel
because a lot of people find this kind of tricky I'm going to give you a few more examples here and
compare and contrast the present versus the past.
But Hizbullah's So let's take this first verb bore to bore somebody.
When you say boring she is boring you mean.
It's describing her because she's doing the action and she doing the action of four.
So she is boring because she's like nagging me or rather I should say she's she's lecturing and droning
on and on and she is making me feel bored.
So that of course is the path purchasable because she's boring.
She's making other people feel bored.
Right.
So bored.
Describe someone who's had that action done unto them.
He's annoying.
Right so he keeps on nagging me.
So he's annoying whereas he is annoyed because he's he has been nagged annoying describes him doing
the action annoyed describes him having the action done to him.
One more example the verb Tyer you are tiring.
You make me feel tired.
So you are tiring or you are tired because of things some things that happen to you.
You feel tired now you're tired.
So a tiring lecture a tired student Okay.
Now bonus question here for you guys.
Two sentences here.
Fighting Lions is dangerous and fighting lions are dangerous.
Which of these two sentences is correct.
I'll let you on that for a few seconds.
OK.
The answer is that both are correct.
The differences in the first sentence.
Fighting is a gerund right.
It's the fighting.
The active fighting lions is dangerous.
Not the act of feeding them not the act of watching them then but the act of fighting them is dangerous.
Right.
So the subject is fighting and the verb is is fighting lions is dangerous.
On the other hand if I say fighting lions are dangerous here.
Fighting is a participle because I'm describing the Lions right.
What kind of lions are dangerous.
Not tame lions not sleeping lions not deadline's no fighting lions are dangerous.
OK.
So the answer as to whether an injury is a Gerren or a permissible when it is depends on the context.
Right.
It's the act of doing that thing or is it describing something which is doing that action.
OK I hope this lecture is helpful.
You know it's probably not going to stick immediately.
You're going to see this repeatedly through many different types of questions so you know we'll make
a note of every time we run into these different types of verbals.
And you know it'll pay dividends if you really familiarize familiarize yourself with these verbals.
You'll start to understand the structure of English sentences much much better.