In this lecture we're going to learn how to join clauses together because sometimes we want to make
longer sentences than just one clause and you can't just throw clauses together however you want to.
They have to follow certain rules and these are the three ways that you can join clauses through the
use of fanboys wabbits and punctuation because the names are kind of silly but these are just acronyms
we use to remember some of the key conjunctions to join clauses together.
So let's start with the fanboys the fanboys.
You probably remember learning in school.
It's pretty common.
They are for.
And nor But Or yet so.
So using these conjunctions you're allowed to join classes to get up but again they have to follow a
certain rule.
You have to use punctuation correctly.
So out of these three examples on the right only one of these is correctly joined.
Now of course the first one doesn't even have a conjunction.
So that's clearly wrong.
You can't just throw clauses together with the comma.
Between the bottom two only one of these is right.
And if you say there's a second one you would be correct.
I like apples comma and I like bananas when joining clauses together with a fanboy.
You must use a comma before it.
If you do not use a comma between the two clauses it's incorrect OK.
Having said that these are all correct sentences because the end is not joining two clauses together
it's only joining two nouns.
Apples and bananas.
In the second sentence it's going to predicates like apples and love bananas.
Predicates are just the part of the clause that are the subject.
OK so here you can see that you know there's no subject in front of love.
So it's not a complete clause.
So in this case we do not use a comma before the end and the final example you do see it coming before
the end and you don't see a clause.
And that's because when you're joining a list of items and there's more than three items in the list
or three or more items I should say the final outcome requires an Kamo before the end.
I like apples oranges and bananas.
OK.
So those were the coordinating conjunctions and the wabbits are the subordinating conjunctions.
Now this is not a complete list but they are the main subordinate connections that are used by the College
Board.
So when a while after all those before because if those since Remember this list is key to note that
the words however therefore consequently then also these words are not conjunctions.
OK so these are your primary go to subordinate conjunctions.
So how do you use the word it's.
Well slightly different to how you use the fanboys if a word that is used in between two clauses.
You do not use a common word for it.
However unlike a fanboys wabbits can be used at the beginning of the sentence to join to close the come
after it.
Now if it's done like that then there must be a comma between the two clauses.
So I will eat if I am hungry with no comma but if I am hungry Come on I will eat OK.
Finally you may also use punctuation to join forces together and the teacher's punctuation we use.
Other than a period of course are the semi-colon and the colon.
So they both work equally well during clauses together I will eat some I call and I am hungry.
I will eat cold and I am hungry.
The primary difference is that the semi-colon colon have a slightly different nuance WERA whether the
colon implies a greater relationship or that that the thing that comes after the colon is a subset of
what comes before it.
Now don't worry about the meaning of it.
It is not tested by the College Board.
What's important to know is that they both join clauses together.
One small difference is that the semi-colon must have a clause beforehand and must have a clause afterwards
where the colon is a bit more flexible although it must have a clause beforehand.
It doesn't necessarily have to have a clause afterwards it can have just a list or a word or it can
have a clause.
That's a lot more flexible.
I guess if you have those rules kind of well well well in mind and you think you've won then try and
tackle this example.
Now take a look.
Pick the right answer.
But you know don't just do that.
You want to also think about why that answer is correct and why the others are wrong and Rimmon to apply
the process that we learned about which is go first by eliminating the grammatically incorrect answers.
Then the looming answer is that have we made or incorrect meaning.
And then finally pick the most direct answer.
OK so if you've had a chance to do that we can see that three these answer choices.
Break the rule that we just discussed about using a fanboys and those three are a b and d k AB in D.
Each use and to join two clauses Rajha had is a clause.
He was he learned they told.
These are all clauses as well and because there is no comma before and those are instantly incorrect
there are other reasons why these are incorrect as well.
But we can stop as soon as we find one primary reason why it's incorrect.
Ok for example has they.
And of course there's no reference to any day.
That's Perona antecedent agreement which will cover the lesson but you don't even need it.
You didn't even need to know that for this one.
OK so that leaves us with C and D.
Now C and D both use when to join two clauses.
It was he learned so grammatically.
That's OK meaning wise.
Yeah OK well both of these make sense.
Both of these indicate that Rajha learn something so finally I'm going to pick the answer because it's
more direct.
Not only is it shorter.
It's an active sentence because he learned he's doing the action whereas C is passive the action was
what was done unto him.
If you're wondering what this last part here is is that part that's just the noun clause we talked about
in the prior lesson which is you know he learned something.
What did he learn.
What's that thing that he learned.
He learned this clause.
OK.
So remember that can introduce a new clause Okay.
Pretty straightforward.
Let's look at another example.
These are a little bit longer.
Take your time reading then of course there are slight differences between each of these and the choices
OK if you're ready let's tackle these.
Breaking down one by one before reading the front page of the newspaper.
Although before it can be a conjunction.
Here it's acting as an adverb.
OK because many words have different roles they can play because I can see here that it's not a clause
it's describing it's modifying something.
Remember if you can just read a phrase and it seems to be describing somebody or something.
It's not a clause.
Right.
So before we get the front page of the new table no subject then the my sister that's a subject my sister
reads there's a verb.
My sister reads the sports section it's stuff that's a cause my brother reads the comics first.
OK there's another clause.
My brother reads joined by a comma.
Thus azing correct B.
My sister reads the sports section.
Subject verb before reading the front page of the new table
again here before reading the front page of the newspaper.
Sounds like it's describing something so not a clause.
There's no clause there.
And my brother.
He reads the comics first.
For two issues here.
First of all there's no comma before and I'm not doing that second clause correctly.
And if you remember from the prior lesson I have two subjects here for this verb reads.
Also incorrect see before reading the front page of the newspaper there is that modifier again.
My sister subject reads verb.
The sports section semi-colon.
OK so was there a clause before the colon.
Yes it was.
My sister reads so now I need to close off the semi-colon.
My brother reads the comics first.
OK so he seems to be grammatically correct.
Let's leave that on elist the.
My brother reads the comics first.
My brother reads.
Subject verb with my sister reading the sports section.
OK well with as a preposition and then I have a noun out of the proposition with my sister.
Reading the sports section to there's no there's no verb there so it's just a phrase.
So there's nothing that needs to be connected here with my sister reading the sports section.
There's no verb.
It's not a clause it's just a prepositional phrase a phrase is a bunch of words without a verb.
OK so that's OK.
Before reading the front page of the newspaper again the modifier at the back there.
So grammatically nothing wrong there's only one clause and then a prepositional phrase and then an adverbial
phrase
finally before when the front page of the newspaper there's a modifier again my sister reads the sports
section that there's a clause my sister reads is a semi-colon and even clause afterwards my brother
reading the comics first subject my brother.
Where's the verb.
Reading is not a verb and is not a verb.
There's no clause after the semi-colon so easy grammatically correct.
So I've wrote out a B and E..
I'm only left with C and D here.
The grammar is fine.
Let's check the meaning before when the front page of a newspaper.
My sister.
So before she reads the front page newspaper my sister reads sports section new sentence you call a
new clause I should say my brother my brother reads the comics first.
Seems fine.
OK the meaning is clear to me.
My sister read sports section but before she did that she read the front page of the paper and then
on the other hand my brother reads the comics first.
D.
My brother is a comics first with my sister in the sports section.
So far so good.
A little bit a little bit worried but so far so good.
Before we get the front page of the newspaper so here I'm going to ask you who's this modified before
in the front page of the newspaper is who it's modifying.
Is it my brother or my sister.
There's a little bit ambiguity there it's unclear.
So due to the second reason the meaning the meaning is ambiguous here.
Hence C is the correct answer.
It is a grammatically correct answer which is has a clear meaning versus D which had an unclean mean
OK final example.
Go ahead and pause when you're ready press Resume
OK.
Again let's tackle this from the beginning.
Jacob Lawrence subject is verb.
Best known for depictions of modern urban life.
A bunch of prepositional phrase is there right.
Comma end of there's a conjunction of the comma.
I'm doing unequals perhaps his celebrated painting subject.
Forward.
Now when we're attaching a name to it to a movie or a book or in this case a painting it's OK just to
put that name right after the words like the movie Star Wars.
I wouldn't put a comma there.
That's OK.
OK.
He celebrated painting presents a rural scene from the life of abolitionist Harriet Tubman and a bunch
of pollution phrase at the back there.
So two causes Jack Lawrence is conjunction comma and second clause.
Painting presents.
So this is grammatically correct.
On the other hand we see be right away at exactly the same for the first part.
Jacob Bourne's is and there's a clause in the second part.
He's painting presents but you'll notice is no conjunctions.
Just a comma.
So that's going to be incorrect.
There's nothing to join those two clauses together see.
To many people looks OK but remember I mentioned that however is not a conjunction.
OK.
This is identical to B but now I put this word here however.
But how is just an adverb it's not a conjunction.
You can't use it to join forces.
Now a lot of people think that it does during class because when we talk we'll say things like people
think that however is a conjunction.
However it is not.
You may think that's one sentence but that was actually two different sentences.
OK.
So however cannot be used to connect two clauses.
You could use a semi-colon here.
And that would do the job of join the two clauses.
But because it's a comma.
This is incorrect.
So C is also incorrect.
D.
Although Jake Lawrence is best known for his depictions of modern urban life there's that Santa Claus
again.
LAWRENCE IS THIS time I see although there's a conjunction at the beginning.
There's a first clause.
There's a comma between the first clause and the second clause.
He's painting presents so that's a correct grammatical sentence because although join the two classes
that came after it with a common between the two clauses now e is identical except instead of although
we see in as much as in as much as is also a type of conjunction so is also grammatically correct.
So now I have a DD as grammatically correct because they each had a conjunction to join the two clauses
together.
Now let's go to meaning which of these has the correct meaning.
Well the meaning of the first one says that he's known for urban.
His paintings verbum life and the second clause says that he's famous painting presents a scene from
real life so and the meaning of and is I'm adding a new meaning that's similar to what I just said.
I'm just adding a new point I'm listing a new point.
I'm adding a point but here the meaning appears to be contrast.
I don't see why I would say he's fit.
He's famous for urban life and then describe him painting a rural scene I think and it's a bit awkward.
It doesn't seem to be an adding point it seems to be a contrast point.
OK which is why Dee seems OK to me because Dee is a contrast transition although it's raining outside.
I'm still going to go out and play because there's a contrast there.
Now you may not be that familiar with it as much as but in as much as just means not because of because
of.
So you're saying the reason for him painting the rural scene is that he's famous for his urban life
scenes.
So again a weird meaning.
So he has an incorrect or illogical meaning.
So does the best answer here.
It has a conjunction and it has the best meaning that makes sense.
This is a a..
All right.
Let's look at another example here.
Because.
OK.
Because as a conjunction I'm going to need two clauses.
Because consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt.
That's my first subject.
There's my first verb.
So it's my first clause.
So where's my second clause because consumers reap the usual benefits of Greek yogurt.
Therefore farmers and businesses and he joins the two nouns together.
So I have two subjects.
It's a compound subject.
They function as one subject.
It means both these things together are the subject farmers and businesses should continue finding safe
and effective methods of producing the food.
So I have to close here.
Consumers reap.
And farmers and businesses should continue now.
A.
It's not.
It's not grammatically wrong.
You know it first because I had a conjunction and if you remember therefore is not a conjunction therefore
is an adverb it's a transition.
That's an adverb.
It doesn't join clauses.
So grammatically it's ok.
B also is OK grammatically because I have a comma.
The common between the two clauses.
Remember when you have a because at the front so be OK to see is no good because I have so.
So as another conjunction so I'm doubled up because.
And so if I have two conjunctions I expect three causes.
Right it's like here's a clause he has a conjunction he has a clause he is a conjunction.
He is a clause.
If I have two conjunctions I need three clauses but I only have two clauses here.
So I should only have one conjunction so C is not the answer.
Similarly does not the answer.
Because I have a colon there which would be joining the two clauses.
So chromatically can only be a and b between the two.
The answer is going to be B.
First of all because a is longer but also because the meaning doesn't make sense.
Because already means this is a reason so it's redundant to say therefore again it's repeating the same
thing.
So B's The most concise least redundant and so one more example.
But Jason baulks believes that another factor added to the early Thor semi-colon the docks no problem.
Some of you may be saying well how come the sentence starts with but I think he learned in school that
you shouldn't start with and are bought.
However there's nothing wrong with that.
You know that just means that this but here is showing you can the conjunction to the previous sentence.
Like most people believe that
there are no other problems period.
But Jason possible believes that so the bought is just joining to the previous sentence when it starts
when it starts a sentence.
OK.
Obviously if it's in the middle of this clause if it's in the middle of a sentence then it has to join
two clauses.
But one of fanboys it is at the beginning of a sentence it means it's joining to the prior sentence.
OK so you can just ignore that in terms of grammar for any of the fanboys.
So subject.
Jason Bach's verb believes what does he believe.
He believes that another factor
if you remember the bonus the noun clause.
This is the noun clause right here that he believes something what's the noun that he believes he believes
you.
He believes me.
He believes that another factor added to the early Thor.
So this entire clause here is just a noun clause.
This is what Jason box believes.
So my main clause was.
Box believes that it had a noun clause here which is what he believes that I have a semi-colon.
I kind of a race that he had but that was a semi-colon right there.
But a semicolon means that I expect a new clause afterwards right.
Box believes semi-colon the docks.
No problem.
That's a subject.
There's no verb for it.
So a copy right.
Because the semi-colon meant I expected another subject and verb but I only had a subject with no verb.
So is wrong.
Let's check b added to the thought semi-colon.
And it was a semi so called already introduces a new clause.
Right.
And then I haven't.
And as well that's two conjunctions there's two conjunctions to join these clauses that's one too many.
Let's get rid of that.
It's it's not right.
One too many C could work a colon remember can join a clause or it could just be anything afterwards.
In this case we just have a noun and a semi-colon to see works.
D also works because there's no cause it's just being the docs no problem.
But it's wordier than the I'm choosing between CD.
I'm going to pick C because why have the being at all it's extra.
And you know as a reference point if the word being is in then it's almost never the answer because
being just means you are doing you're in that condition.
For example I could say I am being happy but why would I.
I could just say I'm happy being is a word that the city likes to kind of throw in there.
But it's almost always the wrong answer.