Hi, everyone, and welcome to this new class in the classification of aircraft in this class, we will
be discussing commercial aircraft, which are also known as airliners.
So the purpose of commercial aircraft, as you may know, is basically to transport passengers and all
cargo for the pursuit of a commercial endeavor.
This is the most common conception of an airplane and drives the most significant of businesses related
to aircraft, including airlines, airports and so on.
Airlines defined the scheduled airline services by describing the routes and operations of their fleet.
There are national and international flights, of course.
The most important parameters to optimize, as you can imagine, are efficiency of low cost travel.
Local consumption of fuel, high payload capacity and reliability and especially reliability, this
is a very important topic in the design of aircraft, OK?
You need a really, really reliable aircraft to actually fly people.
All right.
And, you know, especially because they are completely civil aircraft.
They are transporting people.
So you simply cannot risk anything.
You must control all of the variables.
OK.
Reliability is, of course, a variable, and engineers must consider when designing the aircraft,
but is also very well described in the FAA regulation in the United States and equivalent regulators
around the world.
So reliability, this is the most important topic, and as we see in today's world, also sustainability
is becoming more relevant.
In terms of history, the first airliner, which was based on a fixed wing aircraft was the St. Petersburg
Tampa airport line.
This was established in 1913, so you can imagine that it was a very, very close to the beginnings
of aircraft, the flight from some Pittsburgh to Tampa, which are cities only at a distance of 23 miles,
took 23 minutes, significantly less than the 20 hours into by car.
This is in 1913, of course, and the four hours required by boat.
Also, KLM and Avianca still in operation were established in 1919.
One of the most iconic aircraft of this commercial area was the Douglas DC three, whose first flight
was in 1935.
So really, the concept of commercial aircraft actually started before the Second World War, but it
wasn't until the post-war period that the commercial business expanded rapidly and in fact, as you
may know, exponentially.
These are some of the designs of modern commercial aircraft.
So as you can see here, there's the Boeing 787 with its innovative turbofan engines.
The 787 Dreamliner has become the highest fuel efficiency wide body aircraft.
This is, of course, a key goal to the development of new sustainable low fuel consumption aircraft.
Excuse me.
In my opinion, it's also one of the best looking, OK.
I actually like it quite a lot.
Then there's the popular Airbus A320, which is particularly popular in Europe, at least roughly equivalent
in size to the Boeing 737.
And then there are some other older models, you know, where the jets are actually located in different
places, as you can see in this Boeing 747.
The engines are located towards the back instead of being below the wings.
So this, as mentioned, is a design choice which can favor the aerodynamics of the wings.
But, you know, by not disrupting the airflow around the wings, right?
But also the wings do not have to bear the weight of the engine.
However, due to the positioning of such engines towards the back of the aircraft, the tail has to
be designed so that the flow coming out of the engines does not interfere with it.
And as you can see in the seven, this means that the tail was located above.
This, as we will explore later, can have problematic effects in the event of stall.
All right.
So there's also this iconic supersonic aircraft that you probably know already, which is the Concorde,
which was developed in Europe.
And it's completely different design, as you can see with the Delta Wings and so on.
Due to its supersonic nature now the aerodynamics of supersonic flight differ quite substantially from
those of supersonic flight.
This is why we see such changes in the design.
However, the Concorde was not particularly fuel efficient, which is a problem of supersonic jets,
and the Concorde crash in the year 2000 led to a loss of trust in such type of aircraft, which were
retired in 2003.
So I guess this would be all regarding commercial aircraft if you have any questions.
Anything you want to add to this course, just let me know.
And I believe we can now move to military aircraft.