Hi, everyone, and welcome to this new class in flight mechanics and specifically control surfaces.
So let's begin by defining water control surfaces.
So these are basically mobile surface used on an aircraft in order to maneuver the aircraft itself.
So basically, we will be talking about three types of control surfaces.
We have elements which are these control surfaces located on the wingtips.
OK, we also have elevators which are located on the.
Horizontal stabilizer of the tail, right, and they are located on the part of the back, so on the
trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer.
OK.
And we also have routers which are located on the vertical stabilizer of our aircraft.
Right, so again, aliens on the wing tips.
OK, it's important that they are as far from the center as possible in order to produce maximum moment
of the aircraft.
Then we have elevators on the horizontal stabilizer and routers on the vertical stabilizer.
Right.
So what do we get with these control surfaces?
So because we can move, the pilot can actually move these control surfaces.
OK, we will be able to produce some moments, some angles on the aircraft itself.
Right.
So the first thing we can do is actually roll the aircraft.
So create an angle of not this whole angle is oriented on the x axis.
Now, this and this axis is actually the axis which relates the, you know, the propeller of the aircraft,
the first part of the aircraft to the tail of the aircraft.
OK, so it's the direction of the aircraft itself now rotating on the real axis can be done using the
elements.
Right.
So if we produce an external lived in one part of the island and we actually decrease the lift on the
other part, we will be able to create an A rotation around rotation, OK, to the aircraft in the same
way or in a similar way.
We use the elevator in order to create a channel.
Now, this angle is related to the angle of attack with respect to the wind.
OK, so by pitching by creating a pitch which can be done by a pilot, as I mentioned before, what
we do is control the aircraft by going upwards or going downwards.
Wrote.
We also have the other angle, which is an angle which will be defined as as the angle on the vertical
axis of the aircraft and in order to produce a new angle, what we will do is actually produce some
extra additional lift to one direction or the other direction of the aircraft in order to change the
orientation of the aircraft.
Now, here we have another example of how to say this, you can see that we have the wrong angle and
which will be produced because we actually use the elements in order to produce more lived in this part
of the wing and less lived in this part of the wing.
And this will create a rotation on the x axis to the aircraft.
Right.
So this is the end of the year, as we mentioned before, is the rotation with respect to the vertical
angle of the aircraft.
So by changing the direction of the rudder, we will be able to create additional lift in one direction
or the other direction.
And this will rotate in as your angle, the aircraft with respect to the vertical axis.
In addition, we also have a pitch which will be related to changing the direction of the elevator.
OK, so the pilot will control the elevator and by this he will be able to create additional lift in
order to go downwards or to go upwards.
Right.
So the aircraft will be controlled by these different control surfaces and therefore we will be able
to produce any kind of maneuver by combining these rotations.
Now, what is the physics, why does a Nigerian produce more or less lift?
So it's pretty similar to the case that we discussed before, which is the flaps.
And Olwyn works very similar to a flap in this case.
As we discussed in the case of flaps, we actually increase the lift when we put an additional wing.
OK, so we put an additional part of the wing, which will be the alien, and it is facing downwards.
So it is directed downwards.
In this way we will be able to do is actually to downwash the wind in the surrounding of the wing right.
So by doing this, by actually downwash in the wind, we will be able to produce a net force to which
is in the opposite direction, to the downwash of the wind on the surrounding of the aircraft.
OK, so by a third law and the law of Newton, we are able to justify that.
The fact that the wind is down, woolshed will produce a positive net force and a positive lift to the
wind.
OK, so in this case, we will be able to produce an increased lift just because we are moving the alien
in this direction.
It actually makes sense, right?
It is quite intuitive.
So in this case, you can see that the alien is down washing the wind.
OK, and therefore will produce an additional lift and this additional lift will actually make the aircraft
rotate in the same way.
But in the opposite way, I would say we are actually able to rotate the the element in this way in
order to up wash the wind on the surrounding of the wing.
So in this case, we will be able to produce a net lift decrease.
OK, to this part of the wind.
So in this way, we will actually be able to produce positive lift here and a negative lift here.
And this will, you know, produce the balance and produce the rotation of the aircraft itself.
So this is the main physical idea.
OK, on the on how elements work now, rudders work in a very similar way.
If we actually rotate the rudder in this direction, as you can see, as you can imagine, the wind
will be directed, will be washed in this direction, too.
OK, so because the wind is going over here and when it reaches the rudder will actually be washed on
one specific direction.
This warship will make the aircraft rotate in the opposite direction because of Newton's third law.
So it's basic physics, OK?
It is applied in many different areas.
As you can see, the aliens are able to produce a net difference in lift.
Also, the ruler will produce a different and lived on the specific lift of the rudder, OK?
And this will actually rotate the aircraft.
And in the same way, the elevator will actually provide a very similar forces.
OK, but apply to the tail.
So if the elevator is in this case, woolshed like this washes the wind to the top right abolishes is
the wind, as in this case.
So you can imagine that the lift will decrease.
And if the lift decreases in this point, you can see that the aircraft will rotate towards upwards.
OK, so there will be a change in direction of aircraft.
Right.
So I wanted to see an example of this.
OK, so first of all, would you and what you see here is the elements which you can see are very similar
to the flaps, flaps out here and the flaps in this case are not extended.
OK, and also the element is not extended, but this would be the control surface.
Right.
And I wanted to show you this video, which I like, because you can see the how the elements are actually
used by the pilot to control the aircraft when landing.
OK, so he actually uses the idea in order to stabilize the direction, the real rotation of the aircraft
when landing.
You can see that in this case, we had crosswinds, which are winds that come at a certain direction
with respect to the vertical plane of the aircraft.
So coming from this direction and he has to stabilize it in some way or another using the elements.
OK, you can see here how the elements change.
Right, and how he tries to stabilize it and the aircraft to stabilize because there's a lot of crosswind
in this case, what else?
Elevator and rudder are quite easy to see just to determine in various spacecraft in this case, you
can see in this aircraft, you see the this is the rudder, right, OK.
It can be seen a bit.
This is a control surface which can be directed by the pilot, as we mentioned before.
And we also have the elevators located on the horizontal tail.
Right.
OK, so these are quite easy to see.
You can also see it's not as easy to see in this case, but in this case, this is a fighter, this
is a Russian fighter.
And as you can see, we have two rooters, OK, because the airplane is designed in a way that it has
kind of two tails or two vertical stabilizer.
So to reduce to control the direction, the your axis direction.
And we also have elevators which are not very clear to see, but they are over here, OK, and are used
for pitch controls.
In addition, you also have this image, which is from an old aircraft.
You can also see the elevator over here and the router, which is this geometry of here.
OK, so with this, we can move to the next class.