Everyone, and welcome to this new class in performance, and specifically we will be talking about
range.
So first of all, what is range?
Range is simply defined as the maximum distance with an aircraft can actually fly from one point to
another.
OK, from takeoff to landing.
So range is a distance and ranges may vary depending on the aircraft and the design of the aircraft
from 500 to 1000 kilometers for a little aircraft.
OK, up to 15000 kilometers for very low long range aircraft.
Now there's also a lot of aircraft which are around six to eight thousand kilometers in range, which
is normal operational range.
OK, but if we need to travel from a very long distance, then we need to ensure that our aircraft can
actually have, you know, a very long range, such as 15000 kilometers.
So I want to talk about payload range diagram, because this diagram is actually commonly used in daily
operations in many different, you know, different operations for aircraft and is actually controlled
by the pilots themselves.
So it is important to note, OK, that depending on the range that we want to achieve for one specific
flight, OK, we may not be able to carry all the payload that we want.
Now, what I mean by this is that if we are travelling very little distances, say like from zero to
two thousand kilometers, maybe we will be able to transport all of the people or we will be able to
actually.
You know, fit all of the people that want to go on the aircraft and there will be absolutely no problem.
However, if we want to take all of these people to a very long distance, some of them will probably
have to stay at the airport.
Right, because if we want to cover for very long ranges, the aircraft may need extra fuel and these
extra fuel may imply that we need to reduce the payload.
So let's talk about this very slowly, OK?
With different elements that are important in this case and this diagram, I want to point out three
main, you know, parts of the diagram.
The first one, as you can see, is a constant payload.
The second one is the payload being reduced due to the increase of range.
OK, so this implies that less people will be able to go on the airplane because we want a larger range.
And finally, we will talk about their limit in terms of the maximum fuel and how much people can actually
go on the aircraft.
Right.
So first of all, in this part of the hangar, what we have is maximum takeoff white, which as we defined
before, is the maximum mass that an aircraft can have.
Other than an aircraft can carry at takeoff, so this is a design limit, when you have designed an
aircraft, you have a specific maximum takeoff weight, and this means that the pilot will not have
the opportunity at all in no case, to exceed the maximum takeoff mass because it could imply, for
instance, some structural struggles.
And the of course, the pilot will not.
Risk at all, you know, structural damages on the aircraft, so the maximum takeoff, as you can imagine,
is actually given and is constant and cannot be exceeded at all.
So in this case, in order to cover the entire range, in the case of zero kilometers, you will need
zero fuel.
Right.
If you want to cover 2000 kilometers, for instance, in this aircraft, you will need more fuel, not
a lot of fuel, but, you know, more fuel than zero.
If you want to cover 4000 kilometers, you will need an increase of fuel, 6000 kilometers, whatever.
There will be a point where the amount of fuel that you need.
Is.
Actually limited by the maximum takeoff mass and the maximum payload.
So what I mean by this is that there will be a point when the maximum payload cannot withstand some
with the maximum fuel.
The maximum takeoff mass.
So let me explain this in another way.
Maximum takeoff weight is constant.
And as you can see, when we increase the range, we increase the amount of fuel that we need.
So there will be a point when the fuel is enough that some to the maximum payload is equal to the maximum
takeoff mass.
So, OK, so this is what we have here.
The maximum type of weight will actually be the maximum payload in all of this case, plus the fuel
for all of this range.
Right.
So for this part, we will get to a point where the amount of fuel summit to the maximum payload is
the maximum.
So in this case, in this point, you will see that in order to increase the range, we will and we
will have to continually increase the amount of fuel that we need.
So it's just the relation between the range and the amount of fuel.
It is completely proportional.
OK, increasing the amount of range from this point on implies increasing the amount of fuel.
And because the maximum takeoff mass is constant, if we want to continue increasing the amount of fuel,
we will actually have to decrease the amount of payload.
So this implies point to in this case, what we have is that maximum takeoff weight is actually maintained,
but with reduction, a decrease of the amount of payload.
OK.
Of the payload white, and this implies that not all passengers will be able to travel with this aircraft
if we want to continue increasing their range, because if we are to transport all of these passengers,
we will not be able either to fulfill the maximum take of weight or to fulfill the range that we want
to achieve.
Right.
So the idea is that the payload starts reducing due to the fact that we need to increase the amount
of fuel, but the maximum takeoff mass has to be constant.
So it's just that we need less.
Passengers will be able to go on the airplane because are the mass of these passengers who will be substituted
by fuel.
So by continuing this and throughout to we arrive to a specific point where we already have maximum
fuel.
So in this case, in fact, we have all the deposits, all the tanks, all the fuel tanks completely
full.
So we cannot continue to increase the amount of fuel that we have.
As you see, the maximum takeoff mass is actually constant, as we mentioned before, and maintained
because we have reduced the payload in order to increase the fuel.
However, in this point, we cannot if the maximum fuel is already maximum at this point, you can see
that throughout three.
We will we will have maximum fuel.
OK, so in this case, we continue to have maximum fuel.
And your question may be, well, you know, pilot sorry, the range is related to the fuel.
So if in this case we get maximum fuel, how do we continue to increase the range?
So the idea is that we can continue to increase the range by reducing even more the payload.
OK, so again, this point is maximum takeoff, mass and maximum payload.
However, when we have to continue increasing fuel, then we have to reduce the amount of payload to
in order to maintain the maximum takeoff mass.
OK, we continue on this curve over here, which is to until we get to the deposits being completely
full, in this case, maximum fuel is achieved and we can only continue to increase the range by reducing
the weight of the aircraft and reducing the weight of the aircraft.
Since the aircraft will be structural and you cannot take pieces out of the aircraft.
What do you have to do is reduce the payload.
So the maximum range by definition will actually be defined by no payload at all.
OK, so maximum fuel and no payload.
This is the maximum range of an aircraft.
However, this is not practical, as you can imagine, because you need to transport some people.
So for most cases you would probably be flying on this part of them off the payload range diagram.
OK, and part one, and for extreme cases, you can actually limit the amount of passengers that you
will transport in order to get to higher ranges.
OK, now let's continue.
Here are some of the examples of different ranges of different aircraft.
You have, for instance, the Boeing 777 200 LR Elhaj stands for long range.
And you can imagine and I believe this one is the highest range aircraft up to now.
Right.
The range is fifteen thousand eight hundred forty four kilometers.
Now, it's interesting to note that the the perimeter of Earth, OK, so going around Earth one time
is actually for forty thousand kilometers, more or less, give or take.
So this means that with this kind of range you can almost get from one point to any other point of earth,
OK, in within a distance of, you know, fifteen thousand kilometers, which is very practical and
is actually very interesting and can be used for many different purposes.
If you want to go from the United States to China, probably you will need a high range aircraft such
as the Boeing 777 200 LR.
What else you have the Airbus 320 or rather the Boeing 737, which are quite similar with a range around
six thousand kilometers, depending exactly, exactly on the model, depending on the characteristics
of the aircraft.
So this aircraft can actually perform well for, you know, different distances.
But if you want to go from the United States to China, you may be limited due to the range.
OK, and here you have another model, which, as you can see, is a little aircraft.
In this case, the range is around 1000 kilometers.
So this means you could cover distances in the United States, for instance, you could go from one
state to another, but you can't go probably outside of the United States, OK, depending on where
you are, of course.
But the range is quite limited in this kind of aircraft.
Now, this is a map.
I wanted to show you a little map of different distances.
And as we mentioned before, in comparative terms, this distance over here would be something like
what an Airbus 320 or 737 could actually go.
Right.
So the range of of commercial aircraft, a normal commercial aircraft, would be actually limited by
this distance.
Right.
So you could go, for instance, from New York to Barcelona and you can actually get from one point
to the other with another 320.
It's probably not the best solution because it probably would imply of reducing off the payload.
OK, but you can get a rough idea of how a range is related to actual distances in real life.
Now, another interesting topic is that this would be around six thousand kilometers, if I might.
So we saw that an aircraft is long, the 777 is capable of 15000 kilometers.
So this is roughly three times this distance rate.
So you could almost get right to them, you know, to Japan, whatever, on this direction.
And also you could get to Japan on this direction.
Right.
So you can see that probably you will be able to cover any points of.
On Earth, given, you know, given a certain range for an aircraft, right, so it's 15000 kilometers,
you'll probably get from any point to another point of of, you know, of Earth.
So that's an interesting topic.
You also have that little aircraft such as 1000 kilometers would cover some distance like this.
Of course, you have to take into account that earth is not flat.
Earth is not flat, guys.
So you will go from probably you know, you can go from New York to some point in Canada from the north,
OK, you can go to any point on, you know, Brazil or whatever.
And that will also, you know, this route will be different, this distance.
It will be defined by the geometry of it.
So this is why you don't have perfect circles.
OK, so I guess this is all for the range.
We can go to the next topic now.