Hi, everyone, and welcome to this last class in this course in aerospace engineering, aircraft fundamentals
and advanced.
So this class will be dedicated to making a brief summary of the airplane components that have been
seen mentioned throughout this course and also some other of the components that you will typically
see and visualize on an aircraft.
So here's an interesting summary proposed by Nasser off the airplane parts and the function, and as
you can see, we have discussed most of them OK.
However, the complexity of each one of these topics can pretty much be caught on its own.
So initially, what we mentioned was the most important parts of the aircraft, which is, of course,
the fuselage right, which is able to hook things together and also to carry the payload.
As we mentioned the passengers and the cargo.
The wings, which obviously are the ones generating the lift.
OK.
And they generate the lift through the air for geometry, which we mentioned and also related to the
angle of attack and including, for instance, the effect of the Kimberlin, which we saw is directly
related to the coefficient of lift, right?
And so we also saw several wing configurations that are typical in aircraft as well as their effects
on lift and drag performance.
And also, we mentioned we we made a brief.
Brief considerations in terms of manufacturability of such type of wings.
Now we also study it the thrust right being performed by the engines.
And of course, we related that necessarily to the demands of the pilot.
Related to the, of course, the pilot who is in the cockpit and has command and control of the.
Aircraft, including, of course, the thrust of the engines and also the manual manual ability of the
of the different control surfaces of the aircraft.
Right.
We also mentioned the weight, of course, which is the combination of the mass of all of the components
of the aircraft and the drag force, which is the consequence of the speed at which the aircraft is
moving, remember that it's a function of the square of the velocity.
OK.
Of course, we also saw how the winglets are aid in reducing the drag, specifically the induced drag
right, due to the difference in pressure on the upper surface and the lower surface.
Then we also studied some highly of devices, such as the flaps.
You can see over here.
And also the slats.
Right?
We also studied.
The spoilers, for instance, the spoilers are located above the wings, OK, maybe you've seen them
on aircraft, it's pretty typical.
And they are used mainly to reduce the speed at landing right?
You might have seen them just being pulled up when they are required in order to increase the surface
right and increase the drag.
So by putting these spoilers up, what you're doing is increasing the drug, but you're also cutting
the lift, right?
Because we are cutting the upper surface, we are not allowing the flow to move around the upper surface
in a nominal way.
Then we are changing the lift, we are reducing the lift and we are increasing the drag.
Now, in addition to spoilers, also have the capability of role changing, you can manipulate the rotation
of the aircraft instead of using the regular daily runs.
You can use the spoilers OK.
And you might see that sometimes when landing, you know, pilots can choose the aliens or the spoilers
or both, depending on on one type of momentum they they require.
And, you know, the rotation of the aircraft and so on.
OK.
So in terms of stability of the aircraft, we saw the role, the necessarily role of the pilots and
particularly the vertical and horizontal stabilizers, which are the surfaces of the tail.
Right?
We also saw that in order for the pilot to perform maneuvers, there are a few control surfaces, including
the elevator located on the horizontal stabilizer, which allows a change of pitch.
The RULO, which allows a change in your OK and that is located on the vertical stabilizer.
And there's also the clearance, which similarly to the spoilers, OK, allow the change in the role.
So note that this court was intended to show the fundamentals of all of these variables and indicate
why they are relevant in the process of aircraft design.
OK.
From an aerospace vehicle point of view, of course.
So the cockpit and other systems, for instance, how the turbine, the generation of electricity,
for instance, in the aircraft were not discussed in this course.
OK, because of the fact that I wanted to focus this course on aerodynamics and the study of aerospace
vehicle engineering in general.
And so.
These are some other images.
OK.
Four, in order to understand a bit better the different components of aircraft.
Again, we see the same components, right?
You will see repeated this components on all types of aircraft.
It just simply that usually they will be distributed in different ways, depending on the design of
its aircraft.
For instance, in this case, what we see, of course, the wing, let's there's the leading edge flaps,
which is these are called the slats.
Also, as we discussed, as you can see, it's not only one, but it's three divided.
You know, they are divided like this in order to avoid the geometry of the of the engines, OK?
This is just an engineering solution, isn't it?
Then there's, of course, the flaps over here and you will see also the pilots, which are this geometries
over here, which allow the flaps to extend, OK?
As we mentioned, as we discussed in the high lift devices class out again, the pilots are simply used
in order for the flaps to be able to extend as support for those flaps to extend OK.
We saw the horizontal stabilizer.
Then there's also the concept of trim, which you might see probably also for the flaps.
Maybe it's not mentioned.
The idea of a trim is simply going to have a smaller surface, which is less drastic than just having
the elevator.
OK, the you know, the elevator will have an impact in terms of maneuverability.
So if you want to reduce that impact, you can just put an elevator trim.
You will be able to change or to rotate the aircraft.
But.
And not as much.
OK, so it will be less drastic.
That's the idea of a trim.
Take, for instance, that this flaps located over here or, for instance, the clearance, OK?
This one is a big and right and are also the leader in trim, which is smaller.
OK, it's a smaller surface that can be controlled also by the pilot, which will have less impact in
the rotation of the aircraft.
Right?
Interestingly, also, there's the inboard alien over here, right?
Same idea again, like instead of having the earlier and located just at the edge of the wing, we can
have one which is located more towards the center of Mars.
And by doing that, the rotation will be diminished because it's closer.
Some other components, the spoilers, which are located over here in this case, as you can see.
And the engine cowling.
Also, it's also called the.
Nozzle of the of the engine, all right, which is the structure which surrounds the turbofan of these
engines.
And as you can see, there's always pretty much the same type of components.
This is a pretty standard location of the of all these components, as seen from below.
Right?
There's also necessarily a structure, which is commonly also known as Poland, which is the structure
which connects the wing and the engine.
Of course, this is a structure which requires some structural robustness, but also must allow for
the flow of the fuel, which, by the way, is located in the wings.
The fuel is located in the wings, and this fuel must go into the engine, so there must be a connection
also for these systems to operate.
Right?
So I think that this would be all in terms of this, there's also this this is the auxiliary power unit
exhaust, which you will see always at the end of the aircraft, right?
But this, again, is an electric system, so this is this isn't exactly related to the objectives of
this course.
Now if you want to know more about hydraulics and electrical systems and so on.
I actually made a course exactly providing that information, OK?
This is the landing gear.
As you can see, landing gear configurations can be very diverse, right?
But the main idea is that we need a hydraulic system that allows for the absorption of the impact right
when landing.
And also.
Of course, is capable of withstanding the weight of the aircraft, so it's a double purpose engineering
feat.
OK, I think it really requires these hydraulic system to to be able to withstand such forces.
OK.
Again, we see that the same type of geometry over here, same type of components.
This is a bit more in terms of manufacturability and how a lot of the times all of these components
are produced and manufactured by different companies and the way in which the contracts are developed
can vary from aircraft to aircraft, of course.
Sometimes you will see like an entire aircraft is built from from one company, but this is simply not
common in today's world when you will typically see it's like all of these international components
coming from Italy, the United States and Japan.
OK, you'll see all of these components that are united in order to make one aircraft.
Particularly also the engines will be developed in different countries and so on.
OK, so.
And interestingly, what you what you see is this geometry, the center wing box, which is the place
where we're all OK.
Below we will fit the landing gear structure over here, as you can see, I'm sure if it's indicated
here.
But the idea is that, of course, we need also all of the system's internal systems and all the systems
required for the aircraft to operate correctly.
OK.
And again, as I mentioned previously, I just wanted to to note that for your information, there's
this cause in aircraft systems and avionics, which is also in Udemy.
And there's an interesting set of ideas in this course, which work very well to complement in the course
in fundamentals and advanced.
So I do think it's an interesting way of complementing the information because with the information
of this course that we have done already, you will have seen that about aerodynamics and vehicle design
and so on.
But in order to fully grasp how to really design the aircraft taken into account all of the complexities
of the systems and so on, you really need an additional course for it, OK?
Because I think it's two hours and a half and there's some topics in in-flight instruments and how the
pilot operates them, right?
The electrical system, the pneumatic system, the hydraulic system, avionics and also the pilot aircraft
interface or the cockpit.
OK.
Same way of method.
Same methodology.
Same way of studying, which is based on theoretical explanations of the different instruments and how
they operate, why the physics are relevant and so on.
Practical applications and also a real case studies.
OK.
So I would encourage you to to to take this course.
Also, it does provide a reliable additional amount of information, which I think it's can come in
handy in terms of aerospace products, particularly if you're into systems and avionics, OK?
So I think that this would be all for this class.
I also wanted to mention that I'm considering the possibility of making a course dedicated to materials
and structures of the aircraft, which again is, you know, all of these topics are quite complex actually.
And making a course of them is it takes some time.
So it's not that easy to just put up a course on these topics and make it make explanations which are
reasonably good and and can be understood.
So.
Again, I'll I'll try to make a new course on structures, but it might take some time.
All right.
So thank you for your attention and this would be all.